Some oral infections fail to resolve with standard antibiotic therapy or routine dental care. These cases may involve abscesses, osteomyelitis, or complex soft tissue infections that require specialist intervention.

Referral is advised when:

• Infection persists despite appropriate antibiotics.

• Swelling, pain, or trismus worsens or spreads.

• Imaging suggests bone involvement or proximity to vital structures.

In an oral and maxillofacial surgery setting, advanced imaging (CBCT, panoramic X-rays) and surgical drainage or debridement may be performed. Surgeons can also coordinate care for medically compromised patients or those needing hospital-based management.

Referral ensures effective resolution, prevents complications such as systemic spread, and allows precise management of complex infections.

When to refer: Any oral infection that does not respond to routine dental care or antibiotic therapy, or when advanced surgical intervention may be required.